A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/URI.php
Line Number: 101
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 127
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 78
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 390
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$form_validation is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 132
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 290
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 164
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 233
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 313
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 354
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 284
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 291
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 306
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 318
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 319
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 377
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 108
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$agent is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$pagination is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$my_upload is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$auth_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$settings_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$page_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$post_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$ad_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$category_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$tag_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$comment_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$gallery_category_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$gallery_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$reading_list_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$contact_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$newsletter_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$upload_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$navigation_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$file_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$language_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$post_admin_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$poll_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$post_file_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$reaction_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$email_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$video_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$event_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$general_settings is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 10
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 10
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$selected_lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 36
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 36
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$lang_base_url is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 37
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 37
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$rtl is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 46
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 46
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$settings is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 56
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 56
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$layout is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 60
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 60
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 92
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Home::$recaptcha_status is deprecated
Filename: core/Core_Controller.php
Line Number: 120
Backtrace:
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/core/Core_Controller.php
Line: 120
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 23
Function: __construct
File: /home/u604937762/domains/leadershipkard.com/public_html/blogs/index.php
Line: 315
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“Women in leadership: Achieving an equal future in a COVID-19 world” is the theme of International Women’s Day Celebration 2021. This theme raises awareness of the tremendous effort made by women in the wake of Covid-19 pandemic and why we need more women leaders. Women have stood in the front line of this crisis as healthcare workers, innovators, service providers and women political leaders have shown exemplary work in dealing with the pandemic. Their response and recovery efforts have been commendable and they have demonstrated their capability to have an equal seat at the table with their different skills, experiences, perspectives and ability to contribute to decisions, policies and law.
However, women in leadership positions are underrepresented. According to the United Nations report published in January 2021, Women serve as heads of States/government in only 22 countries and hold only a quarter of parliamentary seats globally. The target set at Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action for balanced political participation and power-sharing between women and men in decision-making in 1995 is far from being achieved and the low representation of women in leadership calls for a serious look into this pertinent issue.
So this brings us to the question: are male leaders better than female leaders? The perceived biases are embedded in the role congruity theory which is grounded on the social role theory (Eagly et.al. 2002). Traditionally, men have been considered as the agentic gender-assertive, dominant, independent and authoritative and ideal in leadership roles. On the other hand, women have been considered the communal gender-primarily concerned with the welfare of others with characteristics of being kind, warm, supportive and affectionate (Eagly et.al. 2002). In spite of leadership styles being different and role stereotyping, women possess the qualities needed to be a leader, which are gender neutral
This article briefly discusses three characteristics that women political leaders have displayed to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic.
1. Compassionate empathetic Leadership
Females are considered as the communal gender and their primary responsibility is to raise and protect their offspring whereas male counterparts are considered as the agentic gender, and their primary responsibility is to protect and provide. So, females are generally considered to be more compassionate and empathic. The emotion of compassion and empathy is rooted in neurobiological research which shows that females produce higher levels of oxytocin, also sometimes referred to as the “love hormone” or “cuddle hormone”. Oxytocin is linked to pair bonding, social conduct and social attributes (Lara, 2017). Men and women both experience the release of oxytocin during sex. However, higher levels of oxytocin are released especially during childbirth, lactation in women as it is believed to trigger bonding and nurturing traits. Lara (2017) also highlights the research done showing that oxytocin released facilitates the understanding of suffering of others and altruism, the intention to help avoid the suffering of others.
So based on neurobiological research it can be concluded that generally females are more compassionate and the same paradigm can be applied to understanding the leadership style of women.
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, many women leaders responded to the crisis by showing compassion and empathy towards their people by reaching out to them with a maternal instinct of care and protection. For example, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern’s combined “adaptive leadership” style with compassion and empathy to help New Zealanders cope with change. She addressed the nation at the time of the nationwide lockdown on the 25 March 2020 from her home in her casual attire after putting her toddler to bed with a Facebook Live session by saying she just wanted to "check in with everyone". That immediately put the tone that they as a nation were going through the change together. Her daily televised briefs and regular Facebook live sessions were to keep everyone in the loop of the changes that needed to be made collectively as a society to adapt to the new normal in order to fight the virus. Furthermore, she utilized social media as a tool to address queries of New Zealanders to pacify their anxiety and uncertainty surrounding the situation. She showed her empathy and compassion by addressing the challenges people faced with strict movement restrictions imposed nationwide, disrupted work life, inability to be with family in times of sickness and attend funerals of loved ones. Furthermore, two days prior to the nationwide lockdown, the four-level alert framework was released and explained to the people so that people could be better prepared and make sense of what was happening and why. An emphatic leader keeps the interest of the people at the core of all decisions made by understanding their suffering and helping them cope with their suffering. Jacinda Ardern was such a leader who was able to show her empathetic adaptive leadership with the way she handled the covid-19 situation.
2. Decision-making Ability
There is a general notion that females start crumbling under stress whereas males are able to handle stress better, hence determining their decision-making ability. However, neuroscientists have evidence that contradicts this notion. Men and women engage in risk-taking behaviour differently and make different trade-offs. Independent studies carried out by cognitive neuroscientists found that not all men are rock solid in stressful situations and they become risk-takers when their cortisol levels rise even when the rewards have a small probability of materializing. On the other hand, in a study by Mather and van den Bos found that women tend to become risk-alert in stressful situations. They explore contingencies, going for smaller wins which guarantee success. Similar results were reported by cognitive neuroscientists Mather and Lighthall (2012) that women made smart decisions-quitting when they were ahead and took safe bete when stressed whereas men risked everything for a small chance of winning big.
In the wake of the Covid-19 crisis, women leaders displayed their risk-alert characteristic to respond to the pandemic which correlates to literature on risk-aversion attitudes of women. Women leaders such as Prime Minister of New Zealand, Germany, Norway, Denmark and Taiwan quickly and decisively ordered the strictest lockdowns at the very earliest stage of the Pandemic locking down their countries instead of risking remaining open and being exposed to the viral threat. This risk-alert behaviour of women leaders made them choose saving humans versus saving the economy. This decision was viewed as harsh and irrational by many initially but it paid off in terms of low death rate in female-led countries. Furthermore, their decision was considered as a safe bet with guaranteed success for contact tracing, isolation and recovery and reducing loss of life.
Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen government policy was also inwards-welfare of their people (risk-alert). Quick decisions were made keeping the safety of people based on their prior experience with SARS and other epidemics. Taiwan decided to stockpile all domestically-produced masks and centralise masks distribution. They made wearing of masks mandatory. Furthermore, a ban was imposed on export of masks and mask production was increased to 20 million units a day (Wang & Ellis, 2020). All these simple measures taken in the interest of the people helped Taiwan to effectively respond to covid-19, kept mortality low and community spread.
3. Communication
Research shows that the communication style of women aligns with their communal gender role of building relationships, working collaboratively to resolve problems, showing trust, care and advise, being attentive to the non-verbal cues along with being good listeners (Mohindra & Azhar, 2012). They often communicate in a “rapport talk” style which aims to establish relationships and makes people in the relationship feel close to each other. A study on leadership conducted by US consulting firm, “Zenger & Folkman”, has consistently found that women score higher than men in their ability to communicate powerfully and prolifically (2012, 2019, 2020).
During the Covid-19 Pandemic, the communication style of women leaders of “rapport talk” proved advantageous in building relationship, trust and communicate solutions. Women leaders from the onset of the spread of Covid-19 relied on science and cautious consultation with experts to back their decisions involving national policy. This dynamic environment required collaboration, transparency with stakeholders at different levels both nationally and internationally which needed to be clearly and effectively communicated. They communicated their message of hard-hitting facts such as border closure and implementing the strictest lockdowns with vulnerability and empathy. They showed that they did not have all the answers and emotionally appealed to the public for the support. They clearly communicated covid policies within days of implementation and regularly connect with the people through televised briefs and Q&A sessions on Facebook live ensuring two way communication & implementation of policy.
A good example of clear, emotional communication was showcased by Angela Merkel in her rare televised speech in the early days of the Covid-19 crisis. She emotionally appealed for “social togetherness” and “solidarity” to brave the challenge in the darkest hour “since the Second World War” (Miller, 2020). For her initial response to covid-19 who was charting the way in the storm, the media worldwide praised Angela Merkel and compared other Western countries to Germany. Media commentator Ricardo Roa described Merkel as one "one of the very few" politicians worldwide who do not protect themselves but "lead… communicates with scientific rigor… with calm…disarms hysteria," (Mclean, 2020).
On the contrary, male leaders such as Trump, Boris Johnson and Jair Bolsonaro communicated conflicting information and underplayed the threat to save the economies.
In conclusion, women leaders have shown to the world and their people their capability of leading their nation in times of crisis. Among the many attributes, this article looks at compassion, risk-alert and communication styles of women leadership in times of crisis. Leaders are leaders irrespective of gender and as the pandemic continues and intensifies in many places, the resolve should be to meet the needs of the people in the best possible way.
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